Computed Tomography (CT or CAT) Scan of the Pancreas

(Pancreas CT Scan)

Procedure Overview

What is a CT or CAT scan of the pancreas?

Computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of x-rays and computer technology to produce cross-sectional images (often called slices), both horizontally and vertically, of the body. A CT scan shows detailed images of any part of the body, including the bones, muscles, fat, and organs. CT scans are more detailed than standard x-rays. CT scans may also minimize exposure to radiation.

In standard x-rays, a beam of energy is aimed at the body part being studied. A plate behind the body part captures the variations of the energy beam after it passes through skin, bone, muscle, and other tissue. While much information can be obtained from a standard x-ray, a lot of detail about internal organs and other structures is not available.

In computed tomography, the x-ray beam moves in a circle around the body. This allows many different views of the same organ or structure. The x-ray information is sent to a computer that interprets the x-ray data and displays it in a two-dimensional (2D) form on a monitor. While many images are taken during a CT scan, in some cases the patient receives less radiation exposure than with a single standard x-ray.

CT scans may be done with or without “contrast.” Contrast refers to a substance taken by mouth or injected into an intravenous (IV) line that causes the particular organ or tissue under study to be seen more clearly. Contrast examinations may require you to fast for a certain period of time before the procedure. Your physician will notify you of this prior to the procedure.

CT scans of the pancreas can provide more detailed information about the pancreas than standard x-rays of the abdomen, thus providing more information related to injuries and/or diseases of the pancreas. CT scans of the pancreas are useful in the diagnosis cancer of the pancreas and pancreatitis.

Other related procedures that may be used to diagnose pancreas disorders include abdominal x-rays, pancreas scan, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and abdominal ultrasound. Please see these procedures for additional information.

Anatomy of the pancreas:

Click Image to Enlarge

The pancreas is an elongated, tapered organ located across the back of the abdomen, and behind the stomach. The right side of the organ (called the head) is the widest part of the organ and lies in the curve of the duodenum (the first section of the small intestine). The tapered left side extends slightly upward (called the body of the pancreas) and ends near the spleen (called the tail).

The pancreas is made up of two types of tissue:

• exocrine tissue
  The exocrine tissue secretes digestive enzymes. These enzymes are secreted into a network of ducts that join the main pancreatic duct, which runs the length of the pancreas.
• endocrine tissue
  The endocrine tissue, which consists of the islets of Langerhans, secretes hormones into the bloodstream.

Functions of the pancreas:

The pancreas has digestive and hormonal functions:

• The enzymes secreted by the exocrine tissue in the pancreas help break down carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and acids in the duodenum. These enzymes travel down the pancreatic duct into the bile duct in an inactive form. When they enter the duodenum, they are activated. The exocrine tissue also secretes a bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid in the duodenum.
• The hormones secreted by the endocrine tissue in the pancreas are insulin and glucagon (which regulate the level of glucose in the blood), and somatostatin (which prevents the release of the other two hormones).

Reasons for the Procedure

A CT scan of the pancreas may be performed to assess the pancreas for tumors and other lesions, injuries, bleeding, infections, abscesses, unexplained abdominal pain, obstructions, or other conditions, particularly when another type of examination, such as x-rays or physical examination, is not conclusive.

CT scans of the pancreas may be used to distinguish between disorders of the pancreas and disorders of the retroperitoneum (the back portion of the abdomen behind the peritoneal membrane).

There may be other reasons for your physician to recommend a CT scan of the pancreas.

Risks of the Procedure

The amount of radiation used during a CT procedure is considered minimal; therefore, the risk for radiation exposure is very low.

If you are pregnant or suspect that you may be pregnant, you should notify your physician. Radiation exposure during pregnancy may lead to birth defects.

If contrast dye is used, there is a risk for allergic reaction to the dye. Patients who are allergic to or sensitive to medications, contrast dye, iodine, or shellfish should notify their physician.

Patients with kidney failure or other kidney problems should notify their physician. In some cases, the contrast dye can cause kidney failure, especially if the person is taking Glucophage (a diabetic medication).

There may be other risks depending upon your specific medical condition. Be sure to discuss any concerns with your physician prior to the procedure.

Certain factors or conditions may interfere with the accuracy of a CT scan of the pancreas. These factors include, but are not limited to, the following:

• metallic objects within the abdomen, such as surgical clips
• presence of barium in the intestines from a recent barium study

Before the Procedure

• Your physician will explain the procedure to you and offer you the opportunity to ask any questions that you might have about the procedure.
• If your procedure involves the use of contrast dye, you will be asked to sign a consent form that gives permission to do the procedure. Read the form carefully and ask questions if something is not clear.
• Notify the technologist if you have ever had a reaction to any contrast dye, or if you are allergic to iodine or seafood.
• Generally, there is no fasting requirement prior to a CT scan, unless a contrast dye is to be used. Your physician will give you special instructions ahead of time if contrast is to be used and if you will need to withhold food and drink.
• Notify the technologist if you are pregnant or suspect you may be pregnant.
• Notify the technologist if you have any body piercing on your chest and/or abdomen.
• Based upon your medical condition, your physician may request other specific preparation.

During the Procedure

CT scans may be performed on an outpatient basis or as part of your stay in a hospital. Procedures may vary depending on your condition and your physician's practices.

Generally, a CT scan of the pancreas follows this process:

1. You will be asked to remove any clothing, jewelry, or other objects that may interfere with the procedure.
2. If you are asked to remove clothing, you will be given a gown to wear.
3. If you are to have a procedure done with contrast, an intravenous (IV) line will be started in the hand or arm for injection of the contrast dye. For oral contrast, you will be given a liquid contrast preparation to swallow.
4. You will lie on a scan table that slides into a large, circular opening of the scanning machine. Pillows and straps may be used to prevent movement during the procedure.
5. The technologist will be in another room where the scanner controls are located. However, you will be in constant sight of the technologist through a window. Speakers inside the scanner will enable the technologist to communicate with and hear you. You will have a call button so that you can let the technologist know if you have any problems during the procedure. The technologist will be watching you at all times and will be in constant communication.
6. As the scanner begins to rotate around you, low-dosage x-rays will pass through the body for short amounts of time. You will hear clicking sounds, which are normal.
7. The x-rays absorbed by the body's tissues will be detected by the scanner and transmitted to the computer. The computer will transform the information into an image to be interpreted by the radiologist.
8. It will be important that you remain very still during the procedure.
9. If contrast dye is used for your procedure, you will be removed from the scanner after the first set of scans has been completed. A second set of scans will be taken after the contrast dye has been administered.
10. If contrast dye is used for your procedure, you may feel some effects when the dye is injected into the IV line. These effects include a flushing sensation, a salty or metallic taste in the mouth, a brief headache, or nausea and/or vomiting. These effects usually last for a few moments.
11. You should notify the technologist if you feel any breathing difficulties, sweating, numbness, or heart palpitations.
12. When the procedure has been completed, you will be removed from the scanner.
13. If an IV line was inserted for contrast administration, the line will be removed.
14. You may be asked to wait for a short period of time while the radiologist examines the scans to make sure they are clear.

While the CT procedure itself causes no pain, having to lie still for the length of the procedure might cause some discomfort or pain, particularly in the case of a recent injury or invasive procedure such as surgery. The technologist will use all possible comfort measures and complete the procedure as quickly as possible to minimize any discomfort or pain.

After the Procedure

If contrast dye was used during your procedure, you may be monitored for a period of time for any side effects or reactions to the contrast dye, such as itching, swelling, rash, or difficulty breathing.

If you notice any pain, redness, and/or swelling at the IV site after you return home following your procedure, you should notify your physician as this could indicate an infection or other type of reaction.

Otherwise, there is no special type of care required after a CT scan of the pancreas. You may resume your usual diet and activities unless your physician advises you differently. Your physician may give you additional or alternate instructions after the procedure, depending on your particular situation.